Germanium

Germanium,  ₃₂Ge

ngoi-kôn
grayish-white A 12 gram (2×3 cm) polycrystalline block of germanium with uneven cleaved surfaces
Kî-pún sin-sit
Miàng, fù-ho	germanium, Ge
ngoi-hìn	grayish-white
Germanium chhai chû-khì-péu ke vi-chi
Si ↑ Ge ↓ Sn gallium ← germanium → phî
ngièn-chṳ́ sì-sú	32
ngièn-chṳ́-liòng (±)	72.630(8)
ngièn-su lui-phe̍t	lui-kîm-su̍k
Chhu̍k, fûn-khî	14 chhu̍k, p-block
chû-khì	period 4
thien-chṳ́ phài-lie̍t	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
per shell	2, 8, 18, 4
vu̍t-lî sin-chṳt
Siông	ku-thí
yùng-tiám	1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
pui-tiám	3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Me̍t-thu near Sit-vûn	5.323 g·cm−3
5.60 g·cm−3
Yùng-fa-ngie̍t	36.94 kJ·mol−1
Chîn-fat-ngie̍t	334 kJ·mol−1
Ngie̍t-yùng-liong	23.222 J·mol−1·K−1
chîn-hi-ap P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k chhai T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Ngièn-chṳ́ sin-chṳt
Yông-fa-su	4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4 ​(an amphoteric oxide)
Thien-fu-sin	Pauling scale: 2.01
Thien-lì-nèn	1st: 762 kJ·mol−1 2nd: 1537.5 kJ·mol−1 3rd: 3302.1 kJ·mol−1
Ngièn-chṳ́ pan-kang	empirical: 122 pm
Khiung-ka pan-kang	122 pm
Van der Waals pan-kang	211 pm
Miscellanea
Chîn-thí keu-chho	​diamond cubic
Sâng-suk thin rod	5400 m·s−1 (at 20 °C)
Ngie̍t-phàng-chong	6.0 µm·m−1·K−1
Ngie̍t-chhòn-thô-li̍t	60.2 W·m−1·K−1
Thien-chú-li̍t	1 Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Nèn-phung	0.67 eV (at 300 K)
Chhṳ̀-sin	diamagnetic
Young's modulus	103 GPa
Shear modulus	41 GPa
Bulk modulus	75 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.26
Mohs hardness	6.0
CAS Registry Number	7440-56-4
Le̍k-sú
Hí-miàng	after Germany, homeland of the discoverer
Yi-chhet	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Fat-hien	Clemens Winkler (1886)
Chui vún-thin ke thùng-vi-su
Chú vùn-chông: germanium ke thùng-vi-su
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 68Ge syn 270.8 d ε – 68Ga 70Ge 21.23% 70Ge is stable with 38 neutrons 71Ge syn 11.26 d ε – 71Ga 72Ge 27.66% 72Ge is stable with 40 neutrons 73Ge 7.73% 73Ge is stable with 41 neutrons 74Ge 35.94% 74Ge is stable with 42 neutrons 76Ge 7.44% 1.78×1021 y β−β− 2.039 76Se

Germanium he yit-chúng fa-ho̍k ngièn-su, fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì Ge, ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he 32.