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Germanium

Chhiùng Wikipedia lòi
Germanium,  32Ge
ngoi-kôn
grayish-white
Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surface
A 12 gram (2×3 cm) polycrystalline block of germanium with uneven cleaved surfaces
Kî-pún sin-sit
Miàng, fù-ho Germanium, Ge
ngoi-hìn grayish-white
Germanium chhai chû-khì-péu ke vi-chi
Khiâng (sûng-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Hoi (hî-yù hi-thí)
Lithium (kán-kîm-su̍k)
Beryllium (kán-thú kîm-su̍k)
Phìn (lui-kîm-su̍k)
Than (tô-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Tham (sûng-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Yông (sûng-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Fuk (sûng-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Nái (hî-yù hi-thí)
Na̍p (kán-kîm-su̍k)
Magnesium (kán-thú kîm-su̍k)
Lî (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Si̍t (lui-kîm-su̍k)
Lìn (tô-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Liù-vòng (tô-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Liu̍k (sûng-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Argon (hî-yù hi-thí)
Kap (kán-kîm-su̍k)
Koi (kán-thú kîm-su̍k)
Scandium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Titanium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Vanadium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Chromium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Manganese (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Thiet (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Cobalt (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Nickel (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Thùng (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Â-yèn (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Gallium (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Germanium (lui-kîm-su̍k)
Phî (lui-kîm-su̍k)
Selenium (tô-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Chhiu (sûng-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Krypton (hî-yù hi-thí)
Rubidium (kán-kîm-su̍k)
Strontium (kán-thú kîm-su̍k)
Yttrium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Zirconium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Niobium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Molybdenum (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Technetium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Ruthenium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Rhodium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Palladium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Ngiùn (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Cadmium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Indium (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Siak (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Antimony (lui-kîm-su̍k)
Tellurium (lui-kîm-su̍k)
Tién (sûng-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Xenon (hî-yù hi-thí)
Caesium (kán-kîm-su̍k)
Barium (kán-thú kîm-su̍k)
Lanthanum (lanthanum-hi)
Cerium (lanthanum-hi)
Praseodymium (lanthanum-hi)
Neodymium (lanthanum-hi)
Promethium (lanthanum-hi)
Samarium (lanthanum-hi)
Europium (lanthanum-hi)
Gadolinium (lanthanum-hi)
Terbium (lanthanum-hi)
Dysprosium (lanthanum-hi)
Holmium (lanthanum-hi)
Erbium (lanthanum-hi)
Thulium (lanthanum-hi)
Ytterbium (lanthanum-hi)
Lutetium (lanthanum-hi)
Hafnium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Tantalum (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Tungsten (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Rhenium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Osmium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Iridium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Pha̍k-kîm (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Kîm (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Súi-ngiùn (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Thallium (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Yèn (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Bismuth (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Polonium (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Astatine (lui-kîm-su̍k)
Radon (hî-yù hi-thí)
Francium (kán-kîm-su̍k)
Radium (kán-thú kîm-su̍k)
Actinium (actinium-hi)
Thorium (actinium-hi)
Protactinium (actinium-hi)
Uranium (actinium-hi)
Neptunium (actinium-hi)
Plutonium (actinium-hi)
Americium (actinium-hi)
Curium (actinium-hi)
Berkelium (actinium-hi)
Californium (actinium-hi)
Einsteinium (actinium-hi)
Fermium (actinium-hi)
Mendelevium (actinium-hi)
Nobelium (actinium-hi)
Lawrencium (actinium-hi)
Rutherfordium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Dubnium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Seaborgium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Bohrium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Hassium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Meitnerium (unknown chemical properties)
Darmstadtium (unknown chemical properties)
Roentgenium (unknown chemical properties)
Copernicium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Nihonium (unknown chemical properties)
Flerovium (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Moscovium (unknown chemical properties)
Livermorium (unknown chemical properties)
Tennessine (unknown chemical properties)
Oganesson (unknown chemical properties)
Si

Ge

Sn
galliumGermaniumphî
ngièn-chṳ́ sì-sú 32
ngièn-chṳ́-liòng (±) 72.630(8)[1]
ngièn-su lui-phe̍t   lui-kîm-su̍k
Chhu̍k, fûn-khî 14 chhu̍k, p-block
chû-khì period 4
thien-chṳ́ phài-lie̍t [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
per shell 2, 8, 18, 4
vu̍t-lî sin-chṳt
Siông ku-thí
yùng-tiám 1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
pui-tiám 3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Me̍t-thu near Sit-vûn 5.323 g·cm−3
5.60 g·cm−3
Yùng-fa-ngie̍t 36.94 kJ·mol−1
Chîn-fat-ngie̍t 334 kJ·mol−1
Ngie̍t-yùng-liong 23.222 J·mol−1·K−1
chîn-hi-ap
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
chhai T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Ngièn-chṳ́ sin-chṳt
Yông-fa-su 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4 ​(an amphoteric oxide)
Thien-fu-sin Pauling scale: 2.01
Thien-lì-nèn 1st: 762 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1537.5 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 3302.1 kJ·mol−1
Ngièn-chṳ́ pan-kang empirical: 122 pm
Khiung-ka pan-kang 122 pm
Van der Waals pan-kang 211 pm
Miscellanea
Chîn-thí keu-chhodiamond cubic
Diamond cubic crystal structure for Germanium
Sâng-suk thin rod 5400 m·s−1 (at 20 °C)
Ngie̍t-phàng-chong 6.0 µm·m−1·K−1
Ngie̍t-chhòn-thô-li̍t 60.2 W·m−1·K−1
Thien-chú-li̍t 1 Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Nèn-phung 0.67 eV (at 300 K)
Chhṳ̀-sin diamagnetic[2]
Young's modulus 103 GPa[3]
Shear modulus 41 GPa[3]
Bulk modulus 75 GPa[3]
Poisson ratio 0.26[3]
Mohs hardness 6.0
CAS Registry Number 7440-56-4
Le̍k-sú
Hí-miàng after Germany, homeland of the discoverer
Yi-chhet Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Fat-hien Clemens Winkler (1886)
Chui vún-thin ke thùng-vi-su
Chú vùn-chông: Germanium ke thùng-vi-su
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
68Ge syn 270.8 d ε 68Ga
70Ge 21.23% 70Ge is stable with 38 neutrons
71Ge syn 11.26 d ε 71Ga
72Ge 27.66% 72Ge is stable with 40 neutrons
73Ge 7.73% 73Ge is stable with 41 neutrons
74Ge 35.94% 74Ge is stable with 42 neutrons
76Ge 7.44% 1.78×1021 y ββ 2.039 76Se

Germanium (Hon-ngî: zhě fe̍t-chá ) he yit-chúng fa-ho̍k ngièn-su, fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì Ge, ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he 32.

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